Tagged: fortios
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OSPF Deep Dive Part 8: FortiOS Implementation and Gotchas
BRANCH-FGT's configuration: why FortiOS has no passive-interface-default equivalent, how OSPF scopes to a VDOM, the router-id selection rule that actually differs from Cisco's, and how OSPF interacts with SD-WAN policy routes.
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The Ultimate FortiOS CLI Reference for the NSE 4 Exam – Part 1: System Health & Routing
Part 1 of a 3-part deep-dive CLI reference for the NSE 4 exam. Covers get system status, get system performance status, interface and NIC diagnostics, the routing table RIB vs FIB, ARP, and ping-options — with live output breakdowns and exam-pressure indicators for every command.
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The Ultimate FortiOS CLI Reference for the NSE 4 Exam – Part 2: Session Table & Packet Flow
Part 2 of 3 in the NSE 4 CLI reference series. Deep-dives into FortiOS session table internals — filtering, reading, and clearing sessions — then covers the packet sniffer verbosity levels 1–6 and the full debug flow chain with line-by-line breakdown of successful vs. dropped traces.
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The Ultimate FortiOS CLI Reference for the NSE 4 Exam – Part 3: VPN & HA
Part 3 of 3 in the NSE 4 CLI reference series. Covers IPsec VPN diagnostics (IKE gateway state, tunnel SAs, SPI counter discrepancies), SSL-VPN authentication traces, and HA cluster mechanics — election criteria, heartbeat state, and configuration synchronisation verification via checksum hashes.
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A Day in the Life of a Packet on a 50G FortiGate, Part 1: Ingress, NP7, and the Fast Path
Where the packet is born on a 50G FortiGate. From the wire and DMA, through the NP7 SoC's session cache, IPSA, NTurbo, and the moment a packet either flies through hardware or crosses the bridge into the kernel slow path.
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A Day in the Life of a Packet on a 50G FortiGate, Part 2: Stateful Inspection, Session Lookup, and Anti-Spoofing
The packet has been punted from the NP7 to the kernel. Now FortiOS does the things ASICs cannot: IP integrity, DoS sensors, RPF, session table lookup, helpers, and the state machine that decides whether this is a brand new flow or one we already know.
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A Day in the Life of a Packet on a 50G FortiGate, Part 3: Routing, Policy Routes, and SDWAN Service Rules
The packet has a session entry and now needs to know where to go. FortiOS resolves that in a strict order: policy routes, then SDWAN service rules, then the FIB. Each layer has its own logic, its own match criteria, and its own diagnostic surface.
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A Day in the Life of a Packet on a 50G FortiGate, Part 4: Firewall Policy, NAT, and Security Profiles
Routing told the packet where it's going. Firewall policy decides whether it's allowed, NAT rewrites it, and security profiles inspect it. Inside the iprope chain, central NAT vs policy NAT, VIPs, IP pools, and the flow-vs-proxy UTM pipeline.
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A Day in the Life of a Packet on a 50G FortiGate, Part 5: Egress, NPU Offload, and the Full Troubleshooting Cookbook
The packet is decided. Now it has to actually leave. Egress shaping, NPU offload re-evaluation, IPsec encap, ARP, transmit. Then a single-page reference of every diagnose, get, and show command from across this series.